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Methotrexate interferes with the growth of certain cells of the body, especially cells that reproduce quickly, such as cancer cells, bone marrow cells, and skin cells.
Methotrexate is used to treat certain types of cancer of the breast, skin, head and neck, or lung. It is also used to treat severe psoriasis and and certain forms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Methotrexate is usually given after other medications have been tried without successful treatment of symptoms.
Methotrexate made also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Methotrexate is usually not taken every day. You must use the correct dose for your condition. Some people have died after taking methotrexate every day by accident.
Do not use methotrexate to treat psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis if you have low blood cell counts, a bone marrow disorder, weak immune system, liver disease (especially if caused by alcoholism), or if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Methotrexate can cause serious or life-threatening side effects. Tell your doctor if you have diarrhea, mouth sores, cough, shortness of breath, upper stomach pain, dark urine, numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, confusion, seizure, or skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling.
Call your doctor if you have unusual bruising or bleeding, or signs of infection (fever, chills, body aches).
Do not use methotrexate if you are pregnant or breast-feeding a baby.
You should not use methotrexate if you are allergic to it. Methotrexate should not be used to treat psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis if you have:
alcoholism, cirrhosis, or chronic liver disease;
low blood cell counts;
a weak immune system or bone marrow disorder; or
if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Methotrexate is sometimes used to treat cancer even when patients do have one of the conditions listed above. Your doctor will decide if this treatment is right for you.
Tell your doctor if you have:
kidney disease;
lung disease;
any type of infection; or
radiation treatments.
Methotrexate can harm an unborn baby or cause birth defects, whether the mother or father is taking this medicine.
If you are a woman, do not use methotrexate to treat psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis if you are pregnant. You may need to have a negative pregnancy test before starting this treatment. Use an effective form of birth control while you are taking this medicine, and for 6 months after your last dose.
If you are a man, use a condom to keep from causing a pregnancy while you are using methotrexate. Continue using condoms for at least 3 months after your last dose.
Tell your doctor right away if a pregnancy occurs while either the mother or the father is taking methotrexate.
This medicine may affect fertility (ability to have children) in both men and women. However, it is important to use birth control to prevent pregnancy because methotrexate may harm the baby if a pregnancy does occur.
You should not breast-feed while using this medicine.
Do not give this medicine to a child without the advice of a doctor.
Take methotrexate exactly as it was prescribed for you. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets.
Methotrexate is sometimes taken once or twice per week and not every day. You must use the correct dose. Some people have died after taking methotrexate every day by accident. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about your dose or how often to take it.
Measure liquid medicine carefully. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon).
Methotrexate can be toxic to your organs, and may lower your blood cell counts. Your blood will need to be tested often, and you may need an occasional liver biopsy. Your cancer treatments may be delayed based on the results.
If you need to be sedated for dental work, tell your dentist you currently use this medicine.
Store tablets at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Store the liquid medicine in the refrigerator, do not freeze.
You may also store the liquid at room temperature for up to 60 days.
Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose of methotrexate.
Get your prescription refilled before you run out of medicine completely.
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of methotrexate can be fatal.
Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage.
Do not receive a "live" vaccine while using methotrexate, or you could develop a serious infection. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), polio, rotavirus, typhoid, yellow fever, varicella (chickenpox), and zoster (shingles).
This medicine can pass into body fluids (urine, feces, vomit). Caregivers should wear rubber gloves while cleaning up a patient's body fluids, handling contaminated trash or laundry or changing diapers. Wash hands before and after removing gloves. Wash soiled clothing and linens separately from other laundry.
Avoid exposure to sunlight or artificial UV rays (sunlamps or tanning beds), especially if you are being treated for psoriasis. Methotrexate can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight and your psoriasis may worsen.
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to methotrexate (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning in your eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling).
Call your doctor at once if you have:
fever, chills, swollen lymph glands, night sweats, weight loss;
vomiting, white patches or sores inside your mouth or on your lips;
diarrhea, blood in your urine or stools;
dry cough, cough with mucus, stabbing chest pain, wheezing, feeling short of breath;
seizure (convulsions);
kidney problems - little or no urination, swelling in your feet or ankles;
liver problems - stomach pain (upper right side), dark urine, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes);
nerve problems - confusion, weakness, drowsiness, coordination problems, feeling irritable, headache, neck stiffness, vision problems, loss of movement in any part of your body; or
signs of tumor cell breakdown - confusion, tiredness, numbness or tingling, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, fast or slow heart rate, seizure.
Side effects may be more likely in older adults.
Common methotrexate side effects may include:
fever, chills, tiredness, not feeling well;
mouth sores;
nausea, upset stomach;
dizziness; or
abnormal liver function tests.
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Methotrexate can harm your liver, especially if you also use certain other medicines for infections, tuberculosis, depression, birth control, hormone replacement, high cholesterol, heart problems, high blood pressure, seizures, or pain or arthritis medicines (including acetaminophen, Tylenol, Advil, Motrin, and Aleve).
Many drugs can interact with methotrexate. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using.
Further informationRemember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use methotrexate only for the indication prescribed.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Medically reviewed by USARx EDITORIAL TEAM Last updated on 1/27/2021.
Source: Drugs.com Methotrexate Sodium (www.drugs.com/methotrexate.html).
Commonly reported side effects of methotrexate include: increased liver enzymes. See below for a comprehensive list of adverse effects.
For the ConsumerApplies to methotrexate: oral solution, oral tablet
Other dosage forms:
Oral route (Solution)
Severe Toxic Reactions, Including Embryo-Fetal ToxicityMethotrexate can cause severe or fatal toxicities. Monitor closely and modify dose or discontinue for the following toxicities: bone marrow suppression, infection, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, pulmonary, hypersensitivity and dermatologic.Methotrexate can cause embryo-fetal toxicity and fetal death. Use in polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis is contraindicated in pregnancy. Consider the benefits and risks of methotrexate and risks to the fetus when prescribing methotrexate to a pregnant patient with a neoplastic disease. Advise patients to use effective contraception during and after treatment with methotrexate.
Oral route (Tablet)
Only use for life-threatening neoplastic disease or severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis unresponsive to other therapies. Death, fetal death and/or congenital anomalies, lung disease, tumor lysis syndrome, fatal skin reactions, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have been reported. Monitor for bone marrow, liver, lung, and kidney toxicities. Unexpectedly severe (sometimes fatal) bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, and gastrointestinal toxicity have been reported with concomitant administration of methotrexate (usually in high dosage) along with some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hepatotoxicity, fibrosis, and cirrhosis occur with prolonged use. Diarrhea and ulcerative stomatitis require interruption of therapy. Methotrexate elimination is reduced in patients with impaired renal function, ascites, or pleural effusions. Increased risk of soft tissue necrosis and osteonecrosis with concomitant radiotherapy. Malignant lymphoma may occur.
Along with its needed effects, methotrexate may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur while taking methotrexate:
More common
Less common
Some side effects of methotrexate may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
More common
Less common
For Healthcare Professionals
Applies to methotrexate: compounding powder, injectable powder for injection, injectable solution, oral solution, oral tablet, subcutaneous solution
CardiovascularUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Vasculitis
Rare (less than 0.1%): Pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, hypotension, thromboembolic events (e.g., arterial thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, retinal vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), myocardial ischemia
Frequency not reported: Cerebral edema
DermatologicCommon (1% to 10%): Exanthema, erythema, itching
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Urticaria, photosensitivity, depigmentation or hyperpigmentation of the skin, alopecia, increase of rheumatic nodules, painful lesions of psoriatic plaque, herpetiform eruption of the skin, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome)
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Increased pigmentary changes of nails, acne, petechiae, ecchymoses, erythema multiforme, cutaneous erythematous eruptions
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Furunculosis, telangiectasia
Frequency not reported: Exfoliative dermatitis, skin necrosis, skin ulceration, folliculitis, hidradenitis, allergic vasculitis
EndocrineUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Inflammation and ulceration of the vagina
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Loss of libido (males and females), impotence, impaired menstruation, vaginal discharge, infertility, abortion, fetal death, fetal defects, gynecomastia, defective oogenesis or spermatogenesis, transient oligospermia, vaginal bleeding
GastrointestinalVery common (10% or more): Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, inflammation, ulcerations of the mucous membrane of mouth and throat (especially during the first 24 to 48 hours after administration), stomatitis, dyspepsia, dehydration
Common (1% to 10%): Diarrhea (especially during the first 24 to 48 hours after administration)
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): GI bleeding and ulcers, pancreatitis
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Gingivitis, enteritis, melena, malabsorption
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Hematemesis, toxic megacolon
Frequency not reported: Glossitis
GeneralGenerally, the incidence and severity of acute side effects are related to dose and frequency of administration. The most frequently reported adverse reactions include ulcerative stomatitis, leukopenia, nausea, abdominal distress, malaise, undue fatigue, chills and fever, dizziness, and decreased resistance to infection.
GenitourinaryUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Dysuria
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Oliguria, anuria, azotemia
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Proteinuria
Frequency not reported: Cystitis, hematuria
HematologicCommon (1% to 10%): Leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, hematopoietic disorders
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Megaloblastic anemia
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Severe bone marrow depression, aplastic anemia, lymphadenopathy, lymphoproliferative disorders (partly reversible), eosinophilia, neutropenia
Frequency not reported: Hemorrhage, hematoma, myelosuppression
HepaticVery common (10% or more): Increase in liver related enzymes (ALAT, ASAT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and LDH levels) is commonly reported but usually resolves within one month after cessation of therapy
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Development of liver fattening, fibrosis and cirrhosis (occurs frequently despite regularly monitored, normal values of liver enzymes), drop of serum albumin
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Acute hepatitis, hepatotoxicity
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Reactivation of chronic hepatitis, acute liver degeneration, liver insufficiency, liver failure, liver atrophy, necrosis
HypersensitivityUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Allergic vasculitis, severe allergic reactions progressing to anaphylactic shock
ImmunologicCommon (1% to 10%): Disseminated herpes zoster, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Immunosuppression, hypogammaglobulinemia, sepsis, opportunistic infections (may be fatal in some cases), infections caused by the cytomegalic virus, acute paronychia
Frequency not reported: Nocardiosis, cryptococcus mycosis, disseminated herpes simplex, listeria meningitis, mycobacterium avium, intracellular pneumonia, systemic fungal infections (e.g., cryptococcosis, nocardiosis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis), sepsis, decreased resistance to infection, pneumocystis jiroveci, pneumonia (most common infection), respiratory tract infection, cutaneous bacterial infections, pneumonia, reactivation of hepatitis B infection, worsening of hepatitis C infection
MusculoskeletalUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Osteoporosis, arthralgia, myalgia
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Stress fracture, nodulosis
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Pain, muscular asthenia or paresthesia of the extremities
Frequency not reported: Osteoporosis, osteonecrosis (aseptic necrosis of the femoral head), soft tissue necrosis, abnormal tissue cell changes, arthralgia/myalgia, back pain
Nervous systemCommon (1% to 10%): Headache, fatigue, drowsiness
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Vertigo, confusion, seizures, convulsion, encephalopathy
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Paresis, effect on speech including dysarthria and aphasia, myelopathy, changes in sense of taste (metallic taste), meningism, acute aseptic meningitis
OcularRare (0.01% to 0.1%): Severely impaired vision, visual disturbances, blurred vision
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Conjunctivitis, retinopathy, transient blindness/loss of vision, periorbital edema, blepharitis, epiphora, photophobia, eye discomfort
OncologicFrequency not reported: Lymphomas and leukemias have been associated with this drug
OtherVery rare (less than 0.01%): Fever, impaired wound healing
Frequency not reported: Fetal death, fetal damage, abortion, tinnitus, chills, malaise, fatigue
RenalUncommon (0.1% to 1%): Inflammation and ulceration of the urinary bladder (possibly with hematuria)
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Renal failure, elevated serum creatinine and urea level
Frequency not reported: Renal insufficiency (usually with high doses), severe nephropathy
RespiratoryCommon (1% to 10%): Pulmonary complications due to interstitial alveolitis pneumonitis (e.g., general illness, dry/nonproductive cough, shortness of breath progressing to rest dyspnea, chest pain, fever)
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Pulmonary fibrosis
Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Pharyngitis, apnea, bronchial asthma
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pleural effusion
Frequency not reported: Acute pulmonary edema, pleurisy, hypoxia, respiratory failure
MetabolicRare (0.01% to 0.1%): Diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia
Frequency not reported: Metabolic disorder, tumor lysis syndrome
PsychiatricRare (0.01% to 0.1%): Mood alterations
Very rare (less than 0.01%): Insomnia, cognitive dysfunction
Frequency not reported: Psychosis, depression, confusion, irritability
Medically reviewed by USARx EDITORIAL TEAM Last updated on 1/27/2021.
Source: Drugs.com Methotrexate Sodium (www.drugs.com/methotrexate.html).
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